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| Image: Bank of England |
British mathematician Alan Turing's code-breaking efforts during World War II aided the Allies' effort to defeat Hitler and he developed the idea of the modern computer and artificial intelligence. Turing was persecuted by the British government for his homosexuality, convicted of “gross indecency” in 1952, and was chemically castrated as his punishment for having a gay relationship. Turing died by suicide in 1954. He finally received a royal pardon in 2013.
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